English / communications and systems II
domingo, 13 de noviembre de 2011
Have or Has
Base Form have / Past Simple had / Past Participle had / Gerund having | ||||||
Present Simple | We often have guests over for dinner. | |||||
Present Simple Passive | Showers are often had in the morning. | |||||
Present Continuous | Peter is having breakfast at the moment. | |||||
Present Continuous Passive | Breakfast is being had in the dining room this morning. | |||||
Present Perfect | He has had a lot of luck! | |||||
Present Perfect Passive | Meals have been had in the dining room this month. | |||||
Present Perfect Continuous | We have been having problems for a while. | |||||
Past Simple | Alice had a shower before she left for work. | |||||
Past Simple Passive | Lunch was had on the balcony last Saturday. | |||||
Past Continuous | We were having lunch when she telephoned. | |||||
Past Continuous Passive | Lunch was being had when she telephoned. | |||||
Past Perfect | Oliver had already had lunch when I arrived. | |||||
Past Perfect Passive | Lunch had already been had when the guests arrived. | |||||
Past Perfect Continuous | Susan had been having a hard time when Peter decided to give her a helping hand. | |||||
Future (will) | You will have a good time! | |||||
Future (will) passive | A good time will be had by all! | |||||
Future (going to) | We are going to have a great time at the park. | |||||
Future (going to) passive | A great time is going to be had by all the guests. | |||||
Future Continuous | This time tomorrow we will be having lunch on the beach. | |||||
Future Perfect | She will have had her meeting by the time he arrives. | |||||
Future Possibility | She might have an appointment later today. | |||||
Real Conditional | If she has any problems, she will ask Jack for help. | |||||
Unreal Conditional | If she had any problems, she would ask Jack for help. | |||||
Past Unreal Conditional | If she had had any problems, she would have asked Jack for help. | |||||
Present Modal | You can ask the doctor for advice. | |||||
Past Modal | You must have had a wonderful time! |
DO - DOES
before anything else is very easy to use do, does, did the first thing you learn practically. Do = for first person (I) I do my homework = I do my homework. also used to refer to''C''They (they) They do do.we Does = is for her and she does for her homework = I does historical homework. Do and Does used in the present, the past did Do, I did my homework (I did my homework) and is also in the past does did.she did I, did, did.we They did. and as I have said before is used to ask questions. do you like rock? does she / he like to study? Present Simple with do /does (interrogative forms) | ||||||
Short questions: | ||||||
To make short questions, we put do /does at the beginning of the sentence (depending on the following pronoun) | ||||||
Use: DO with I/ you / we / they | ||||||
Use: DOES with he / she / it | ||||||
Some useful examples: | ||||||
Do I wake up late? | ||||||
Do I wake up late? | ||||||
Does he go to bed late? | ||||||
Does she leave at five? | ||||||
Does it bark too much? | ||||||
Do we watch a lot of tv? | ||||||
Do they go to the cinema at weekends? | ||||||
Do I speak fluently? | ||||||
Do you travel a lot? | ||||||
Does he play golf? | ||||||
Does she climb mountains? | ||||||
Does it make too nuch? | ||||||
Do we sell instant soup? | ||||||
Do they work hard? | ||||||
Do I love you? | ||||||
Do you need me? | ||||||
Does he want us? | ||||||
Does she believe you? | ||||||
Does it like you? | ||||||
Do we think the same? | ||||||
Do they understand the situation? | ||||||
Short answers: | ||||||
Yes, | I | do | No, | I | don`t | |
Yes, | I /you | do | No, | I /you | don`t | |
Yes, | he | does | No, | he | doesn`t | |
Yes, | she | does | No, | she | doesn`t | |
Yes, | it | does | No, | it | doesn`t | |
Yes, | we | do | No, | we | don`t | |
Yes, | they | do | No, | they | don`t | |
Wh questions. Some useful examples: | ||||||
What time do you wake up? | ||||||
What time do you get up? | ||||||
What time does she leave home in the morning? | ||||||
What do you do? | ||||||
What does he do? | ||||||
What does it mean? | ||||||
What does the word 'mirror' mean? | ||||||
What colour do you like ? | ||||||
What kind of music does he like? | ||||||
Where do you come from? | ||||||
Where does he come from? | ||||||
Where do you go in the afternoon? | ||||||
Where does he live? | ||||||
Where do bats sleep during the day? | ||||||
Where do they make those beautiful baskets? | ||||||
Where do we need more help upstairs or downstairs? | ||||||
When do you wake up / get up ? | ||||||
When does she go to bed? | ||||||
When do insects sleep? | ||||||
When do you want the shoes? | ||||||
When does he need the money? | ||||||
When does the movie start? | ||||||
Why do you make so much noise at night? | ||||||
Why does he come so early? | ||||||
How do you know? | ||||||
How much money do you need? | ||||||
How many houses do you have? | ||||||
How many hours do you work in a day? | ||||||
How many cigars does he smoke in a day? | ||||||
How often do you go to the cinema? | ||||||
How often does he visit friends? | ||||||
Who do you go out with at weekends? | ||||||
Who do you like more Paul or Peter? | ||||||
Which do you prefer tea or coffee? |
PREPOSITIONS

Preposition | Examples |
About | I will tell you a story about a lion. |
Above | The plane flies above the clouds. |
Across | They walked across the field. |
After | After lunch, I shall complete the remaining task. |
Against | I helped her going against the wishes of my loved ones. |
Along | All along the way, she did not speak a word. |
Among | The profit was shared among the shareholders. |
Around | Due to the snow, we turned around to return home. |
At | The land is at war with its neighbor. |
Before | She had decided to quit before Christmas, but changed her plan. |
Behind | The church is located behind the supermarket. |
Below | The temperatures have dipped below freezing point. |
Beneath | The water level is beneath the average level. |
Beside | When we were in school, I used to sit beside her in class. |
Besides | Besides maths, I am very fond of history. |
Between | The profit was shared between the three of them. |
Beyond | The play was beyond my expectations. |
But | Everyone but her agreed with the arrangement. |
By | A house by the sea, to retire, is my dream |
Concerning | He is always curious about anything concerning her. |
Despite | Despite the snowfall, she decided to carry on with her journey. |
Down | Jimmy lives down the street. |
During | She works during the day and studies at night. |
Except | Except her no one has any objections to the plan. |
For | I jog for 10 miles everyday. |
From | She comes from Argentina. |
In | When in Rome, do as the Romans do. |
Inside | Inside the tough exterior, lies a gentle soul. |
Into | As soon as she stepped into the room, there was pin drop silence. |
Like | She looks like her father. |
Minus | Ten minus eight equals two. |
Near | They have bought a new home near the school. |
Of | A friend of mine recommended the beautician to me. |
Off | To regain her lost health, it is important, she stays off her fad diet programs. |
On | There is an apple on the table. |
Onto | He always climbs onto the table. |
Opposite | Her desk is located diagonally opposite my desk. |
Out of | Out of sheer curiosity, I asked her the question. |
Outside | Outside the house lies a beautiful garden. |
Over | The journey cost me way over my budget. |
Past | She walked past me, but refused to acknowledge my presence. |
Per | What was the per person cost incurred? |
Plus | Eight plus six equals fourteen. |
Since | She was waiting for him since ten in the morning. |
Through | I slept all through the day. |
Throughout | Throughout winter, she has been sick. |
To | I am going to Atlanta, before I head back home. |
Toward (s) | It started raining towards the evening. |
Under | The road is under repair. |
Underneath | She found her earring underneath the carpet. |
Until | I did not get the documents until 5 pm. |
Upon | Once upon a time, there lived a king. |
Up | I walked up the stairs, to see the problem. |
Up to | The decision is up to the both of them. |
Versus | The last game was England versus France. |
Via | I will go via Sydney. |
With | She walked in with her new boyfriend. |
Within | She caters to customers within a radius of 5 miles. |
Without | I never leave my house without an umbrella, due to the uncertain weather. |
WH Question Words
We use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).
Question Word | Function | Example |
---|---|---|
what | asking for information about something | What is your name? |
asking for repetition or confirmation | What? I can't hear you. You did what? | |
what...for | asking for a reason, asking why | What did you do that for? |
when | asking about time | When did he leave? |
where | asking in or at what place or position | Where do they live? |
which | asking about choice | Which colour do you want? |
who | asking what or which person or people (subject) | Who opened the door? |
whom | asking what or which person or people (object) | Whom did you see? |
whose | asking about ownership | Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it? |
why | asking for reason, asking what...for | Why do you say that? |
why don't | making a suggestion | Why don't I help you? |
how | asking about manner | How does this work? |
asking about condition or quality | How was your exam? | |
how + adj/adv | asking about extent or degree | see examples below |
how far | distance | How far is Pattaya from Bangkok? |
how long | length (time or space) | How long will it take? |
how many | quantity (countable) | How many cars are there? |
how much | quantity (uncountable) | How much money do you have? |
how old | age | How old are you? |
how come (informal) | asking for reason, asking why | How come I can't see her? |
WH QUESTIONS
WH - QUESTIONS | |
What ? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? | How often ? - ¿Con qué frecuencia? |
What else? - ¿Qué más? | How long ? - ¿Cuánto tiempo? ¿Qué longitud? |
Which ? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? | How long ago? - ¿Hace cuánto tiempo? |
How ? - ¿Cómo? ¿Cuán? | How old ? - ¿Qué edad? ¿Cuán viejo? |
How else ? - ¿De qué otra manera? | How soon ? - ¿Cuán pronto? |
When ? - ¿Cuándo? | How big ? - ¿Qué tamaño? ¿Cuán grande? |
Where ? - ¿Dónde? ¿Adónde? | How far ? - ¿A qué distancia? ¿Cuán lejos? |
Where else ? - ¿Dónde más? | How tall ? - ¿Qué estatura? ¿Cuán alto? |
Why ? - ¿Por qué? ¿Para qué? | How deep ? - ¿Qué profundidad? |
Who ? - ¿Quién? ¿Quienes? | How early ? - ¿Cuán temprano? |
Who else? - ¿Quién más? | How late ? - ¿Cuán tarde? |
Whom ? - ¿A quién? ¿A quiénes? | How heavy ? - ¿Qué peso? ¿Cuán pesado? |
Whose ? - ¿De quién? ¿De quiénes? | How thick ? - ¿Qué espesor? ¿Cuán grueso? |
How much ? - ¿Cuánto/a? | What time ? - ¿Qué hora? ¿A qué hora? |
How many ? - ¿Cuántos/as? | What kind ? - ¿Qué clase ? ¿Qué tipo? |
viernes, 11 de noviembre de 2011
Example simple past
They were study 
She was dance
Yesterday was rainy 
You were watch T.V.
He was play soccer
We were travel
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